mechatronicsAttempts left: 2

A reliability engineer at a smart warehouse is troubleshooting an Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV). Diagnostics show that the AGV's LiDAR array correctly detects an obstacle, and the onboard computer successfully calculates the emergency stop command. However, the physical wheels fail to apply the brakes, causing a collision.

Based on the core architecture of a mechatronic system, which subsystem is most likely experiencing a failure?